The decision to close industrial sandeel fishing comes at a critical time for internationally-important populations of breeding seabirds in the UK, including those along the Suffolk coast. Sandeel are a low trophic level species and play a vital role in ensuring an abundance of biodiversity in the marine environment, by providing a vital food source to vulnerable seabirds - such as kittiwake and guillemot - and sea mammals including seals, porpoises, and whales.

In accordance with the agreed objectives and principles under the new EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (Article 494), the closures will:

• Preserve marine biological diversity by establishing the urgent action required to support globally-significant populations of breeding seabirds which are in severe decline across the UK,
• Appropriately apply the precautionary approach to fisheries management in response to the serious risk posed to sandeel-dependent seabirds foraging in the North Sea,
• Effectively contribute towards achieving national and international biodiversity targets.

Given the extent of the pressure which marine ecosystems are under in the North Sea, and more generally in European waters, we at Suffolk Wildlife Trust believe the measures taken are an affective response to the precarious state of globally-significant populations of breeding seabirds foraging in the North Sea. The decision to close sandeel fishing in the English part of the North Sea and Scottish waters throws a lifeline to UK seabirds (many of which are of European and global importance) - and backtracking on this would pose a risk to their breeding success and population resilience, as well as threatening wider marine ecosystems.

Evidence provided by Natural England, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, indicates that seabird abundance could increase within 10-years following the full closure of industrial sandeel fishing in UK waters. Moreover, the decisions are backed by overwhelming public support to end industrial sandeel fishing in English North Sea waters and Scottish waters (95.5% and 97% of respondents respectively).

The science behind the decision

The latest results from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee’s seabird census indicates declines across 62% of seabird species in the UK, with that figure rising to 70% of species in Scotland. The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has further compounded this issue. The RSPB’s HPAI Seabird Survey Report shows severe declines in some UK species and confirms HPAI as an additional and major threat. The unprecedented and devastating effects of HPAI on seabirds illustrate that the resilience of these species is extremely low. Pressure from fishing activity is recognised as one of the leading drivers of declining seabird populations.

OSPAR’s authoritative Quality Status Report 2023, further emphasised the poor state of seabird populations across the North East Atlantic, highlighting that reduced prey availability as a result of fishing pressure is a key driver for these declines. OSPAR Contracting Parties, including the UK and the EU, have committed to take urgent action to halt the decline of seabirds across the North East Atlantic in the current OSPAR Strategy. Contracting Parties have committed to take action to protect Kittiwake in the OSPAR area, a sandeel-dependent species whose foraging grounds overlap with industrial sandeel fishing in the North Sea. However, across the UK, Kittiwake populations have declined by 43%.

The UK has failed to meet 11 out of 15 indicators to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and retained through the UK Marine Strategy. Indeed, Birds is the only descriptor moving away from achieving GES, providing further imperative for the need to act. The decision to close sandeel fishing in the UK will support progress towards achieving GES for Birds and we would encourage the EU to follow suit in respect of its own GES commitments.

Recent scientific advice from ICES recognised that the annually set quota advice does not ensure that sufficient biomass is left for predator species that depend on it, and that solely relying on quota advice is insufficient to ensure ecosystem-based management and wider ecosystem resilience in line with GES. It highlighted the need for national management measures, underscoring the needs of breeding seabirds which depend on food availability within proximity to their breeding colonies. In the 2023 written record of the UK & EU sandeel consultation both parties reaffirmed their commitment to implementing ecosystem-based fisheries management and noted the ecological significance of sandeel and other forage fish. We see the sandeel closure as a decisive test of this shared commitment.